根據制(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)原料性質、制(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)形狀和大小以及入(ru)窯(yao)水分(fen)(fen)等工藝要求，制(zhi)定一條合理的(de)(de)(de)燒(shao)成(cheng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)曲線(xian)，焙(bei)燒(shao)時就按(an)照這條曲線(xian)來(lai)保證一定的(de)(de)(de)升溫(wen)(wen)、保溫(wen)(wen)和冷(leng)卻(que)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。隧(sui)道窯(yao)大致分(fen)(fen)為預熱帶、燒(shao)成(cheng)帶和冷(leng)卻(que)帶三個部分(fen)(fen)。下面分(fen)(fen)別簡述各帶的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)控制(zhi)。

預(yu)(yu)熱帶是(shi)指制品(pin)入窯到第一(yi)燃燒室止，一(yi)般(ban)為十幾個車位(wei)。溫(wen)度(du)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制是(shi)指按(an)升(sheng)溫(wen)曲(qu)線均勻加熱，一(yi)般(ban)在窯頂板上都安裝有熱電偶(ou)來監控(kong)(kong)(kong)溫(wen)度(du)。如果窯頭溫(wen)度(du)過高，易(yi)使(shi)入窯水(shui)分高的(de)制品(pin)炸裂，入窯水(shui)分低于0.5%，則窯頭溫(wen)度(du)可(ke)高一(yi)些。500℃左右(you)是(shi)石英昌(chang)型(xing)轉變溫(wen)度(du)，有體積變化，應保持溫(wen)度(du)穩(wen)定。所(suo)以，不但(dan)要(yao)(yao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制窯頂溫(wen)度(du)，還要(yao)(yao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制窯車臺面溫(wen)度(du)，使(shi)上下(xia)溫(wen)差(cha)減少(shao)。預(yu)(yu)熱帶的(de)溫(wen)度(du)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制手段主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)通過調(diao)節風閘(zha)(zha)和排煙(yan)風機的(de)變頻器(qi)來控(kong)(kong)(kong)制氣體流量。風閘(zha)(zha)開(kai)(kai)啟大(da)，則預(yu)(yu)熱帶負壓(ya)大(da)，易(yi)漏入冷空(kong)氣，加劇氣體分層，增大(da)了上下(xia)溫(wen)差(cha)，風閘(zha)(zha)開(kai)(kai)啟小，則抽(chou)力不足，煙(yan)氣量小，升(sheng)溫(wen)慢。

高檔焙燒窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)采用(yong)變(bian)頻柜來控制制品的升溫。風閘調(diao)好后鎖定，如(ru)(ru)果預(yu)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)未端風閘開啟大，則(ze)大量煙氣(qi)(qi)過早排出，熱(re)(re)利用(yong)率低，窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)頭溫度低，制品升溫慢。如(ru)(ru)預(yu)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)風閘不開，則(ze)大量煙氣(qi)(qi)涌向窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)頭，致使窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)頭溫度過高，不利于制品預(yu)熱(re)(re)。窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)頭的風閘也不能開啟過大，以免該處負壓大，從窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)門(men)涌入大量冷空氣(qi)(qi)。

總之，要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)制品(pin)在(zai)一定的(de)(de)溫度(du)下預(yu)熱，并保(bao)證(zheng)上下溫差(cha)小，窯車接頭處必須(xu)嚴密不(bu)漏(lou)氣(qi)(qi)，砂封(feng)(feng)板接頭要(yao)靠(kao)緊，砂封(feng)(feng)板要(yao)埋入砂中(zhong)4-6cm。另外(wai)，合理的(de)(de)碼(ma)歪也能(neng)減(jian)少制品(pin)上下溫差(cha)，根(gen)據內(nei)燃和外(wai)燃的(de)(de)不(bu)同情(qing)況，坯(pi)體要(yao)合理碼(ma)放，坯(pi)垛(duo)與窯墻(qiang)間距(ju)不(bu)能(neng)太大(da)，內(nei)部要(yao)有足(zu)夠和暢通(tong)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體通(tong)道，增加氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)阻力，減(jian)少上部和周邊氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)，使氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)在(zai)坯(pi)垛(duo)中(zhong)分(fen)布均勻(yun)，達到上下內(nei)外(wai)溫度(du)均勻(yun)。

燒成帶的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)是指要(yao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)實(shi)際燃燒溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)和高(gao)燒成溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)。一般(ban)火焰溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)應(ying)高(gao)于制(zhi)品燒成溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)50℃-100℃，火焰溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)通(tong)過(guo)調節(jie)單位(wei)時(shi)間(jian)內燃料消耗量(liang)和空氣(qi)的(de)(de)配比來實(shi)現，單位(wei)時(shi)間(jian)內燃料的(de)(de)燃燒的(de)(de)徹底而(er)空氣(qi)量(liang)又(you)恰(qia)當，則火焰溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)高(gao)。對(dui)內燃制(zhi)品要(yao)根(gen)據制(zhi)品的(de)(de)熱值來控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)燃料和需氧量(liang)。最(zui)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)點(dian)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)是很重要(yao)的(de)(de)，一般(ban)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)在燒成帶的(de)(de)后2個(ge)車位(wei)。最(zui)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)點(dian)前(qian)移(yi)使保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)時(shi)間(jian)太長，易使制(zhi)品過(guo)燒變形；而(er)后移(yi)則保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)不足，形成欠火磚。

制品在燒成后進(jin)入冷(leng)(leng)卻階段，窯尾直接(jie)鼓(gu)入冷(leng)(leng)風(feng)(feng)，進(jin)行冷(leng)(leng)卻，自700℃-400℃為緩冷(leng)(leng)階段，靠分布在該段的風(feng)(feng)機將熱風(feng)(feng)抽出，使制品由400℃冷(leng)(leng)卻至80℃左(zuo)右出窯。制品在700℃以(yi)前可以(yi)急冷(leng)(leng)，應根據(ju)制品性質、裝車情(qing)況和推(tui)車速度來決定高溫(wen)急冷(leng)(leng)風(feng)(feng)的位(wei)置和風(feng)(feng)量。

燒(shao)成帶的氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氛(fen)可分為氧化(hua)和還原(yuan)兩(liang)種氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氛(fen)。氧化(hua)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氛(fen)容易控(kong)制，控(kong)制空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)過(guo)剩(sheng)系數大于1，但不(bu)(bu)要過(guo)大，以(yi)節約燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)。在(zai)氧化(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)要有(you)充(chong)分的空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)燒(shao)盡殘余CO，還要維(wei)(wei)持一定(ding)的溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)（自900℃-1050℃）。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氛(fen)的控(kong)制和溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)的控(kong)制密切相關(guan)，例如：在(zai)氧化(hua)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氛(fen)時(shi)(shi)，由(you)于原(yuan)來(lai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)過(guo)多(duo)，如果(guo)維(wei)(wei)持原(yuan)料(liao)不(bu)(bu)變(bian)而(er)減(jian)少過(guo)多(duo)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，則(ze)火焰(yan)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)；當減(jian)少空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)過(guo)剩(sheng)系數接近1時(shi)(shi)，此時(shi)(shi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)。如果(guo)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)足，則(ze)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)又降低(di)(di)而(er)過(guo)入(ru)不(bu)(bu)完(wan)(wan)全燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)的還原(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氛(fen)。相反，還原(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氛(fen)時(shi)(shi)，由(you)于空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)足，則(ze)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)降低(di)(di)而(er)進(jin)入(ru)不(bu)(bu)完(wan)(wan)全燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)的的狀態，如果(guo)維(wei)(wei)持燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)不(bu)(bu)變(bian)而(er)增(zeng)加空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)，由(you)于燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)更(geng)趨完(wan)(wan)全，火焰(yan)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)升高(gao)(gao)(gao)，繼續增(zeng)加空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)理論(lun)需要量時(shi)(shi)，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)，如再增(zeng)加空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，則(ze)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)降低(di)(di)而(er)變(bian)為完(wan)(wan)全燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)而(er)又有(you)過(guo)多(duo)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的氧化(hua)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氛(fen)，所以(yi)從溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)的變(bian)化(hua)也可以(yi)判斷氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氛(fen)的變(bian)化(hua)。

壓(ya)力(li)制度是為了保(bao)證(zheng)溫(wen)度制度和氣氛(fen)(fen)制度的(de)(de)實現。窯(yao)內(nei)(nei)最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)是控(kong)制燒(shao)成(cheng)帶(dai)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)穩定。如果(guo)窯(yao)內(nei)(nei)負壓(ya)過大，漏入(ru)的(de)(de)冷(leng)空氣過多，一(yi)方面降低了窯(yao)內(nei)(nei)溫(wen)度，氣體分層嚴重(zhong)，上下溫(wen)差大；另一(yi)方面，燒(shao)成(cheng)帶(dai)難以維持焙燒(shao)氣氛(fen)(fen)。如果(guo)窯(yao)內(nei)(nei)正壓(ya)過大，則大量(liang)熱(re)氣向(xiang)外界冒出，損(sun)失熱(re)量(liang)，惡化勞動條件，熱(re)串(chuan)入(ru)窯(yao)下還會燒(shao)毀窯(yao)車(che)，造成(cheng)事故(gu)。

理想(xiang)的操(cao)作(zuo)是維(wei)持(chi)零壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。但全窯維(wei)持(chi)零壓(ya)(ya)(ya)是不可能辦到的，只能在(zai)燒(shao)成(cheng)帶(dai)維(wei)持(chi)零壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和微正壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。因為(wei)預(yu)熱帶(dai)要(yao)(yao)(yao)抽走煙氣(qi)(qi)，心然處于負壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，而冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)帶(dai)要(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓入冷(leng)(leng)空氣(qi)(qi)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)制(zhi)品(pin)，必然處于正壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，由(you)正壓(ya)(ya)(ya)到負壓(ya)(ya)(ya)要(yao)(yao)(yao)經過(guo)零壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，由(you)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)帶(dai)到預(yu)熱帶(dai)要(yao)(yao)(yao)經過(guo)燒(shao)成(cheng)帶(dai)，所以(yi)燒(shao)成(cheng)帶(dai)處于零壓(ya)(ya)(ya)附近(jin)(jin)操(cao)作(zuo)，控(kong)制(zhi)零壓(ya)(ya)(ya)面很(hen)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)，一般控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)預(yu)熱帶(dai)和燒(shao)成(cheng)帶(dai)的交界面附近(jin)(jin)，使燒(shao)成(cheng)帶(dai)處于微正壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，因為(wei)燒(shao)成(cheng)帶(dai)會漏入冷(leng)(leng)空氣(qi)(qi)，尤(you)其是預(yu)熱帶(dai)負壓(ya)(ya)(ya)大，漏入冷(leng)(leng)風多(duo)，上(shang)下溫差大。